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In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful
1. This agreement of Allah’s Prophet, Muhammad, shall apply to the
immigrants, Quraysh, the citizens of Yathrib who have accepted Islam, and all
such people who are in agreement with the above-mentioned bodies and side with
them in war.
2. Those who are a party to this agreement shall be treated as à body
separate from all those who are not a party to this agreement.
3. The Quraysh migrants are in themselves a party and as in the past
shall be responsible for the payment of blood money on behalf of their criminals
and shall themselves have their prisoners freed after the payment of ransom. All
this process shall be in accordance with the principles of belief and justice.
4. Banu Auf shall be responsible for their own tribe and shall equally
pay their blood money, in accordance with article Ç, and shall themselves be
responsible for ransoming their prisoners. All this work shall be completed in
conformity with the principles of honesty and justice.
5. Banu al-Harith shall be responsible for their own tribe and shall
jointly pay their blood money, in accordance with article Ç, and shall
themselves be responsible for ransoming their prisoners. All this work shall be
completed in conformity with the principles of honesty and justice.
6. Banu Sa’idah shall be responsible for their own tribe and shall
jointly pay their blood money, in accordance with article 3, and shall
themselves be responsible for ransoming their prisoners. All this work shall be
completed in conformity with the principles of honesty and justice.
7. Banu Jusham shall be responsible for their own tribe and shall
jointly pay their blood money, in accordance with article 3, and shall
themselves be responsible for ransoming their prisoners. All this work shall be
completed in conformity with the principles of honesty and justice.
8. Banu al-Najjar shall be responsible for their own tribe and shall
jointly pay their blood money, in accordance with article 3, and shall
themselves be responsible for ransoming their prisoners. All this work shall be
completed in conformity with the principles of honesty and justice.
9. Banu Amr shall be responsible for their own tribe and shall jointly
pay their blood money, in accordance with article 3, and shall themselves be
responsible for ransoming their prisoners. All this work shall be completed in
conformity with the principles of honesty and justice.
10. Banu al-Wabiyyat shall be responsible for their own tribe and shall
jointly pay their blood money, in accordance with article 3, and shall
themselves be responsible for ransoming their prisoners. All this work shall be
completed in conformity with the principles of honesty and justice.
11. Banu al-Aus shall be responsible for their own tribe and shall
jointly pay their blood money, in accordance with article Ç, and shall
themselves be responsible for ransoming their prisoners. All this work shall be
completed in conformity with the principles of honesty and justice.
12. If an indigent person from among the Muslims is guilty of an offense
in which blood money becomes due or if à Muslim is taken prisoner and is unable
to pay ransom, it shall be incumbent on other Muslims to pay blood money or
ransom on his behalf, so as to create virtue and sympathy among the Muslims.
13. No Muslim shall be hostile to à slave set free by another Muslim.
14. It shall be the duty of the Muslims to oppose openly any person who
makes mischief, foments riots, makes trouble for people, forcibly takes the
property of others, or oppresses others. All the Muslims shall remain united in
punishing such a person, even if he is the son of one of their own.
15. Taking the side of an infidel (who is at war), no Muslim shall have
the right to kill another Muslim or assist a person who is at war with the
Muslims.
16. The promise of Allah, and responsibility and protection for all have
the same meaning. This means that if a Muslim gives refuge to someone, it shall
be incumbent on all Muslims to honor it regardless of the social status of the
Muslim providing refuge. All the Muslims are brethren to one another.
17. It is incumbent on all the Muslims to help and treat sympathetically
the Jews who have entered into an agreement with the Muslims. Likewise, the Jews
are not to be oppressed in any manner, and neither should their enemy be helped
against them.
18. The truce of all the Muslims shall be one: When there is à war the
way of Allah, none of the Muslims shall leave aside other Muslims to enter into
à peace treaty with an enemy, unless the treaty includes all the Muslims.
19. All the groups who participate in war along with the Muslims shall be
afforded an opportunity to rest by turns.
20. The provision of subsistence to the dependants of à Muslim who is
martyred in the way of Allah shall be the responsibility of all the Muslims.
21. No doubt all the God-fearing and devout Muslims are on the right path
and are the followers of the best way of life.
22. No non-Muslim who is à party to this agreement shall provide refuge
to the person or property of any member of Quraysh; no non-Muslim shall assist
any other non-Muslim against à Muslim.
23. If someone murders a Muslim and there is a proof against him, the
murderer shall be punished. But if the next of kin is prepared to accept blood
money, the murderer can be set free after payment. Without any exception, it
shall be obligatory on all the Muslims to observe this injunction. Nothing other
than the prescribed injunctions shall be acceptable.
24. For à Muslim who accepts the treaty and agrees to abide by it and who
believes in Allah and the Day of Judgment, it is permissible neither to create a
new practice nor to have dealings with any person who does not respect this
treaty. On the Day of Judgment, the curse and wrath of Allah shall descend upon
whoever infringes upon this injunction, and no excuse or request for forgiveness
shall be accepted by Allah.
25. When there arises a difference of opinion about anything in this
agreement, the matter shall be referred for à decision to Allah and Muhammad.
26. After the treaty, it shall be obligatory on the Jews to render
financial assistance to the Muslims when they are at war with an enemy.
27. The Jews of Banu Auf, who are à party to this agreement and who are
supporters of the Muslims, shall adhere to their religion and the Muslims to
theirs. Excepting religious matters, the Muslims and the Jews shall be regarded
as belonging to à single party. Anyone from among them who commits an outrage or
breaks à promise or is guilty of à crime shall deserve punishment for his crime.
28. The Jews of Banu an-Naj jar, who are à party to this agreement and
who are supporters of the Muslims, shall adhere to their religion and the
Muslims to theirs. Excepting religious matters, the Muslims and the Jews shall
be regarded as belonging to a single party. Anyone from among them who commits
an outrage or breaks à promise or is guilty of à crime shall deserve punishment
for his crime.
29. The Jews of Banu al-Harith, who are a party to this agreement and who
are supporters of the Muslims, shall adhere to their religion and the Muslims to
theirs. Excepting religious matters, the Muslims and the Jews shall be regarded
as belonging to à single party. Anyone from among them who commits an outrage or
breaks à promise or is guilty of a crime shall deserve punishment for his crime.
30. The Jews of Banu Sa’idah, who are à party to this agreement and who
are supporters of the Muslims, shall adhere to their religion and the Muslims to
theirs. Excepting religious matters, the Muslims and the Jews shall be regarded
as belonging to a single party. Anyone from among them who commits an outrage or
breaks à promise or is guilty of a crime shall deserve punishment for his crime.
31. The Jews of Banu Hashm, who are à party to this agreement and who are
supporters of the Muslims, shall adhere to their religion and the Muslims to
theirs. Excepting religious matters, the Muslims and the Jews shall be regarded
as belonging to à single party. Anyone from among them who commits an outrage or
breaks à promise or is guilty of à crime shall deserve punishment for his crime.
32. The Jews of Banu al-Aus, who are à party to this agreement and who
are supporters of the Muslims, shall adhere to their religion and the Muslims to
theirs. Excepting religious matters, the Muslims and the Jews shall be regarded
as belonging to à single party. Anyone from among them who commits an outrage or
breaks a promise or is guilty of a crime shall deserve punishment for his crime.
33. The Jews of Banu Tha'alabah, who are à party to this agreement and
who are the supporters of the Muslims, shall adhere to their religion and the
Muslims to theirs. Excepting religious matters, the Muslims and the Jews shall
be regarded as belonging to à single party. Anyone from among them who commits
an outrage or breaks a promise or is guilty of à crime shall deserve punishment
for his crime.
34. The Jews of Banu Jafnah, who are à party to this agreement and who
are supporters of the Muslims, shall adhere to their religion and the Muslims to
theirs. Excepting religious matters, the Muslims and the Jews shall be regarded
as belonging to a single party. Anyone from among them who commits an outrage or
breaks a promise or is guilty of à crime shall deserve punishment for his crime.
35. The Jews of Banu al-Shotaybah, who are à party to this agreement and
who are supporters of the Muslims, shall adhere to their religion and the
Muslims to theirs. Excepting religious matters, the Muslims and the Jews shall
be regarded as belonging to à single party. Anyone from among them who commits
an outrage or breaks a promise or is guilty of à crime shall deserve punishment
for his crime.
36. The subordinate branches of the above-mentioned tribes shall have the
same rights as are enjoyed by the parties themselves.
37. None of the parties to the treaty shall take any military action out
the permission of Mohammed.
38. No hindrance shall be created in the requital of an injury. Whoever
commits à breach of promise shall deserve punishment for it, and Allah will help
whoever abides faithfully by this agreement.
39. If a third community wages war against the Muslims or the Jewish
treaty makers, they will have to fight united. They shall help each other, and
there shall be goodwill and faithfulness between them. The Jews shall bear their
expenses of war and the Muslim their expenses.
40. It is incumbent on the parties to the agreement to treat each other
sincerely and to wish each other well. None shall subject any other to
oppression or injustice, and the oppressed shall be helped.
41. The Jews shall share the expenses along with the Muslims as long as
they fight jointly.
42. The plain of Yathrib, which is surrounded by hills, shall be a
haram for the partners to the treaty.
43. The same treatment to which à person giving refuge is entitled shall
be given to the one seeking refuge with him; he shall not be harmed. À refugee
shall abide by this agreement and shall not be permitted to break à promise.
44. No one shall be provided refuge without the permission of the people
of that place.
45. If there is any occurrence or difference of opinion among the parties
to the treaty that might result in a breach of peace, the matter shall be
referred for a decision to Allah and Mohammed, the Prophet of Allah. Allah will
be with the one who carefully observes this treaty.
46. None shall provide protection to the Quraysh of Mecca or to any of
their allies.
47. If Yathrib (Madinah) is invaded, the Muslims and the Jews shall put
up à joint defense.
48. If the Muslims make à peace treaty with someone, the Jews shall abide
by it. If the Jews make peace with someone, it shall be obligatory on the
Muslims to extend similar cooperation to the Jews. However, in the case of a
religious war of a party, it shall not be the responsibility of the other party
to participate.
49. In the case of an invasion of Madinah, every party will have to
defend the area that is in front of it.
50. The allies of the tribe of Banu al-Aus shall have the same rights as
are enjoyed by the parties to this treaty, provided they too show their loyalty.
Allah is the supporter and helper of whoever faithfully observes this treaty.
51. If any of the parties to this treaty has to leave Madinah on account
of the exigencies of war, that party shall be entitled to peace and protection;
whoever stays in Madinah shall also be entitled to peace. No one shall be
oppressed nor shall breach of promise be permissible. Allah and His Prophet are
the protectors of whoever respects and abides by this agreement.
FOOTNOTES:
(1) The First Written Constitution in the World,
Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore, 1968. First published in England, 1941.
(2) Translated by Frederic G. Kenyon, Internet.
!996 The Avalon Project.
(3) The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition,
1991.
(4) The First Written Constitution in the World, p.
9. The translation of the whole text for A. Guillaume's Life of Muhammad is
appended at the end.
(5) Ibid., pp. 19-20.
(6) The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition,
1991.
(7) The First Written Constitution, p. 18.
(8) Quran, 49:13.
(9) Ibid., pp. 12-13.
(10) "There shall be no compulsion in religion: the
right way is now distinguished from the wrong way." (2:256) Note that this
statement of complete religious freedom comes immediately after the grandest
statement of God's power to be found in any scripture. It is indeed
significant!
(11) This text is taken from A. Guillaume, The Life
of Muhammad -- A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, Oxford University
Press, Karachi, 1955; pp. 231-233. Numbering added.
http://www.syariahonline.com/
Piagam Madinah
Dengan nama Allah yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang.
Ini adalah piagam dari Muhammad Rasulullah SAW, di kalangan
mukminin dan muslimin (yang berasal dari) Quraisy dan Yatsrib (Madinah), dan
yang mengikui mereka, menggabungkan diri dan berjuang bersama mereka.
Pasal 1
Sesungguhnya mereka satu umat, lain dari (komuitas) manusia
lain.
Pasal 2
Kaum muhajirin dari Quraisy sesuai keadaan (kebiasaan)
mereka bahu membahu membayar diat di antara mereka dan mereka membayar tebusan
tawanan dengan cara baik dan adil di antara mukminin.
Pasal 3
Banu Auf sesuai dengan keadaan (kebiasaan) mereka bahu
membahu membayar diat di antara mereka seperti semula, dan setiap suku membayar
tebusan tawanan dengan baik dan adil di antara mukminin.
Pasal 4
Banu Sa’idah sesuai dengan keadaan (kebiasaan) mereka bahu
membahu membayar diat di antara mereka seperti semula, dan setiap suku membayar
tebusan tawanan dengan baik dan adil di antara mukminin.
Pasal 5
Banu Al-Hars sesuai dengan keadaan (kebiasaan) mereka bahu
membahu membayar diat di antara mereka seperti semula, dan setiap suku membayar
tebusan tawanan dengan baik dan adil di antara mukminin.
Pasal 6
Banu Jusyam sesuai dengan keadaan (kebiasaan) mereka bahu
membahu membayar diat di antara mereka seperti semula, dan setiap suku membayar
tebusan tawanan dengan baik dan adil di antara mukminin.
Pasal 7
Banu An-Najjar sesuai dengan keadaan (kebiasaan) mereka
bahu membahu membayar diat di antara mereka seperti semula, dan setiap suku
membayar tebusan tawanan dengan baik dan adil di antara mukminin.
Pasal 8
Banu ‘Amr bin ‘Awf sesuai dengan keadaan (kebiasaan) mereka
bahu membahu membayar diat di antara mereka seperti semula, dan setiap suku
membayar tebusan tawanan dengan baik dan adil di antara mukminin.
Pasal 9
Banu Al-Nabit sesuai dengan keadaan (kebiasaan) mereka bahu
membahu membayar diat di antara mereka seperti semula, dan setiap suku membayar
tebusan tawanan dengan baik dan adil di antara mukminin.
Pasal 10
Banu Al-‘Aws sesuai dengan keadaan (kebiasaan) mereka bahu
membahu membayar diat di antara mereka seperti semula, dan setiap suku membayar
tebusan tawanan dengan baik dan adil di antara mukminin.
Pasal 11
Sesungguhnya mukminin tidak boleh membiarkan orang yang berat menanggung utang diantara mereka tetapi membantunya dengan baik dalam
poembayaran tebusan atau diat.
Pasal 12
Seorang mukmin tidak diperbolehkan membuat persekutuan
dengan sekutu mukmin lainnya tanpa persetujuan dari padanya.
Pasal 13
Orang-orang mukmin yang taqwa harus menentang orangyang
diantara mereka mencari atau menuntut sesuatu secara zalim , jahat, melakukan
permusuhan atau kerusakan di kalangan mukminin. Kekuatan mereka bersatu dalam
menentangnya, sekalipun ia anak dari salah seorang di antara mereka.
Pasal 14
Seorang mukmin tidak boleh membunuh orang beriman lainnya
lantaran membunuh orang kafir. Tidak boleh pula orang beriman membantu orang
kafir untuk (membunuh) orang beriman.
Pasal 15
Jaminan Allah satu. Jaminan (perlindungan) diberikaj oleh
mereka yang dekat. Sesungguhnya mukminin itu saling membantu, tidak bergantung
kepada golongan lain.
Pasal 16
Sesungguhnya orang Yahudi yang mengikuti kita berhak atas
pertolongan dan santunan, sepanjang (mukminin) tidak terzalimi dan ditentang
olehnya.
Pasal 17
Perdamaian mukminin adalah satu. Seorang mukmin tidak boleh
membuat perdamaian tanpa ikut serta mukmin lainnya di dalam suatu peperangan di
jalan Allah, kecuali atas dasar kesamaan dan keadilan di antara mereka.
Pasal 18
Setiap pasukan yang berperang bersama kita harus bahu
membahu satu sama lain.
Pasal 19
Orang-orang mukmin itu membalas pembunuh mukmin lainnya
dalam peperangan di jalan Allah. Orang-orang beriman dan bertakwa berada pada
petunjuk yang terbaik dan lurus.
Pasal 20
Orang musyrik (Yatsrib) dilarang melindungi harta dan jiwa
orang (musyrik) Quraisy, dan tidak boleh bercampur tangan melawan orang beriman.
Pasal 21
Barang siapa yang membunuh orang beriman dan cukup bukti
atas perbuatannya, harus dihukum bunuh, kecuali wali terbunuh rela (menerima
diat). Segenap orang beriman harus bersatu dalam menghukumnya.
Pasal 22
Tidak dibenarkan orang mukmin yang mengakui piagam ini,
percaya pada Allah dan Hari Akhir, untuk membantu pembunuh dan memberi tempat
kediaman kepadanya. Siapa yang memberi bantuan dan menyediakan tempat tinggal
bagi pelanggar itu, akan mendapat kutukan dari Allah pada hari kiamat, dan tidak
diterima dari padanya penyesalan dan tebusan.
Pasal 23
Apabila kamu berselisih tentang sesuatu, penyelesaiannya
menurut (ketentuan) Allah Azza Wa Jalla dan (keputusan) Muhammad SAW.
Pasal 24
Kaum Yahudi memikul biaya bersama mukminin selama dalam
peperangan.
Pasal 25
Kaum Yahudi dari Bani ‘Awf adalah satu umat dengan
mukminin. Bagi kaum Yahudi agama mereka, dan bagi kaum muslimin agama mereka.
Juga (kebebasan ini berlaku) bagi sekutu-sekutu dan diri mereka sendiri, kecuali
bagi yang zalim dan jahat. Hal demikian akan merusak diri dan keluarga.
Pasal 26
Kaum Yahudi Banu Najjar diperlakukan sama seperti Yahudi
Banu ‘Awf.
Pasal 27
Kaum Yahudi Banu Hars diperlakukan sama seperti Yahudi Banu
‘Awf.
Pasal 28
Kaum Yahudi Banu Sa’idah diperlakukan sama seperti Yahudi
Banu ‘Awf.
Pasal 29
Kaum Yahudi Banu Jusyam diperlakukan sama seperti Yahudi
Banu ‘Awf.
Pasal 30
Kaum Yahudi Banu Al-‘Aws diperlakukan sama seperti Yahudi
Banu ‘Awf.
Pasal 31
Kaum Yahudi Banu Sa’labah diperlakukan sama seperti Yahudi
Banu ‘Awf.
Pasal 32
Kaum Yahudi Banu Jafnah dari Sa’labah diperlakukan sama
seperti Yahudi Banu ‘Awf.
Pasal 33
Kaum Yahudi Banu Syutaibah diperlakukan sama seperti Yahudi
Banu ‘Awf.
Pasal 34
Sekutu-sekutu Sa’labah diperlakukan sama seperti mereka
(Banu Sa’labah).
Pasal 35
Kerabat Yahudi (di luar kota Madinah) sama seperti mereka
(Yahudi).
Pasal 36
Tidak seorang pun dibenarkan (untuk berperang), kecuali
seizin Muhammad SAW. Ia tidak boleh dihalangi (menuntut pembalasan) luka (yang
dibuat orang lain). Siapa berbuat jahat (membunuh), maka balasan kejahatan itu
akan menimpa diri dan keluarganya, kecuali ia teraniaya. Sesunggunya Allah
sangat membenarkan ketentuan ini.
Pasal 37
Bagi kaum Yahudi ada kewajiban biaya dan bagi mauk muslimin
ada kewajiban biaya. Mereka (Yahudi dan muslimin) bantu membantu dalam
menghadapi musuh piagam ini. Mereka saling memberi saran dan nasehat. Memenuhi
janji lawan dari khianat. Seseorang tidak menanggung hukuman akibat (kesalahan)
sekutunya. Pembelaan diberikan kepada pihak yang teraniaya.
Pasal 38
Kaum Yahudi memikul bersama mukiminin selama dalam
peperangan.
Pasal 39
Sesungguhnya Yatsrib itu tanahnya haram (suci) bagi warga
piagam ini.
Pasal 40
Orang yang mendapat jaminan (diperlakukan) seperti diri
penjamin, sepanjang tidak bertindak merugikan dan tidak khianat.
Pasal 41
Tidak boleh jaminan diberikan kecuali seizin ahlinya.
Pasal 42
Bila terjadi suatu persitiwa atau perselisihan di antara
pendukung piagam ini, yang dikhawatirkan menimbulkan bahaya, diserahkan
penyelesaiannya menurut (ketentuan) Allah Azza Wa Jalla, dan (keputusan)
Muhammad SAW. Sesungguhnya Allah paling memelihara dan memandang baik isi piagam
ini.
Pasal 43
Sungguh tidak ada perlindungan bagi Quraisy (Mekkah) dan
juga bagi pendukung mereka.
Pasal 44
Mereka (pendukung piagam) bahu membahu dalam menghadapi
penyerang kota Yatsrib.
Pasal 45
Apabila mereka (pendukung piagam) diajak berdamai dan
mereka (pihak lawan) memenuhi perdamaian serta melaksankan perdamaian itu, maka
perdamaian itu harus dipatuhi. Jika mereka diajak berdamai seperti itu, kaum
mukminin wajib memenuhi ajakan dan melaksanakan perdamaian itu, kecuali terhadap
orang yang menyerang agama. Setiap orang wajib melaksanakan (kewajiban)
masing-masing sesuai tugasnya.
Pasal 46
Kaum Yahudi Al-‘Aws, sekutu dan diri mereka memiliki hak
dan kewajiban seperti kelompok lain pendukung piagam ini, dengan perlakuan yang
baik dan penuh dari semua pendukung piagam ini. Sesungguhnya kebaikan
(kesetiaan) itu berbeda dari kejahatan (pengkhianatan). Setiap orang bertanggung
jawab atas perbuatannya. Sesungguhnya Allah paling
membenarkan dan memandang baik isi piagam ini.
Pasal 47
Sesungguhnya piagam ini tidak membela orang zalim dan
khianat. Orang yang keluar (bepergian) aman, dan orang berada di Madinah aman,
kecuali orang yang zalim dan khianat. Allah adalah penjamin orang yang berbuat
baik dan takwa. Dan Muhammad Rasulullah SAW.